Hyperscaler data centers require 24/7 clean baseload power that intermittent renewables cannot supply. Small modular reactors and enriched fuel form the critical power bottleneck.

Rapidly declining launch cost per kilogram enables commercial low Earth orbit constellations, direct-to-cell satellite broadband, and lunar payload logistics.

Generative AI copper interconnects are reaching physical thermal and distance limits at 800G and 1.6T. Silicon photonics replaces copper wires with direct optical chip-to-chip links.

Transition from first-generation cutting (CRISPR double-strand breaks) to precision base editing, prime editing, and de-novo high-throughput DNA synthesis.